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New Approach Methodologies (NAMs)—ranging from in vitro assays to computational models—offer promising alternatives to traditional animal testing. However, their widespread adoption hinges on confidence in their predictive power. Integrating diverse data sources such...

Pyrogen testing is conducted in vivo to detect the presence of various endotoxins and other fever-inducing substances. While bacterial endotoxin testing (BET) can be performed in vitro, it is limited to detecting only bacterial endotoxins. Pyrogen testing, on the...

By using in vitro techniques, cytotoxicity testing provides a controlled environment to study the biological response of cells. Typically, these tests are conducted on mouse fibroblast cells, which are then assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The...